On July 8, 1776, the Liberty Bell rang out from the tower of Independence Hall summoning citizens to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. Today the Hall stands proudly, revered as the birthplace of the American nation, in Independence National Historical Park, an eight-block historic neighbourhood in the very centre of old Philadelphia. The Liberty Bell itself is on display here, in a pavilion in Market Street between 5th and 6th Street. Independence Hall on Chestnut Street was originally built as the Pennsylvania State House in 1732, but became famous after first the Declaration of Independence and later the Constitution of the United States was ratified here. The rest of the 45-acre Independence Park is packed with historically significant buildings and museums, interpreting the events and lives of the movers and shakers involved in Philadelphia's years as capital of the United States from 1790 to 1800, including George Washington and John Adams. About 20 buildings are open to the public daily, with times varying according to season. Advance tickets are required for Independence Hall, obtainable from the adjacent Visitor's Centre or bookable in advance through the National Parks Service.

Philadelphia's most visited museum, the Franklin Institute on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, opened in 1934 and fast became recognised for its innovative and imaginative exhibits that demonstrate the influence of science in our lives. The museum complex is divided into four sections. Firstly the Franklin National Memorial is dedicated to Benjamin Franklin, featuring a huge statue of its namesake and a collection of memorabilia associated with the great man. The second section features a collection of hands-on and interactive science and technology exhibits, ranging from a walk-through model of a heart to a lightning gallery. This section also includes the Discovery Theatre where scientific shows are given each afternoon, and a puzzle section. The basement area is the location of the Fels Planetarium. The third section consists of the Mandell Futures Center, a relatively new addition to the museum's offerings, which features eight futuristic permanent interactive exhibits covering space, earth, computers, chemistry and health. There is also an Imax theatre arena here showing a variety of films. Lastly the museum offers the CoreStates Science Park, located on the lawn between the main museum buildings. This is a garden full of high-tech play structures like a stand-on organ, maze and a high-wire bicycle. The museum also features several restaurants and a snack bar.

Philadelphia's elegant art museum, established in the 1870s, houses a permanent collection of more than 225,000 works in 200 galleries, recognised as being one of the finest art assemblages in America. Exhibits include not only magnificent paintings, but also sculptures, period furniture and historic rooms. The beautiful building that houses this collection is built in the style of a Greco-Roman temple and stands on a hilltop off Benjamin Franklin Parkway. The two-storey building is designed with L-shaped wings leading off a central court, and exhibits are arranged in period groupings. The museum also has a cafeteria and a formal restaurant, and regularly hosts visiting exhibitions.

The Barnes Foundation, housed in the French provincial mansion of Albert Barnes, holds one of the finest collections of French modern and post-impressionist paintings in the entire world. Dr Albert Barnes was a wealthy Philadelphia born and bred pharmaceutical entrepreneur who established the foundation in 1922. This artistic experience without equal offers the chance to view an awesome number of masterpieces by artists such as Matisse, Cézanne, Renoir and Picasso. There are also objects like furniture, ceramics and jewellery from around the world in this rare collection of artistic treasures.

Part of the Independence National Historical Park, the area between 3rd and 4th Streets is where the home of America's most remarkable historic figure, Benjamin Franklin, once stood. The house no longer exists, but the remaining courtyard has been covered with a 54-foot high (16m) steel skeleton 'ghost structure' and provides a novel and fascinating tribute and insight into the life of Franklin, a printer, diplomat, inventor, publisher, author, statesman, postmaster, founder of the University of Pennsylvania and more. On the site visitors can see an underground museum filled with paintings, objects and inventions associated with Franklin, and use a bank of telephones listening to testimonies from famous personalities about the achievements of the great man. There is also a US Postal Service Museum and active post office on the site and in a nearby house an architectural exhibit explaining Franklin's fire-resisting building techniques can be viewed. Another building in Market Street houses an 18th-century printing office and bindery where demonstrations are given, and alongside is the restored office of the newspaper published by Franklin's grandson, Benjamin Franklin Bache.

Philadelphia's state-of-the-art Zoo, opened in 1874, was the first in the United States and today takes first place as one of the world's most renowned zoological gardens with its wonderful animal exhibits, award-winning education and conservation programmes, recreational opportunities and scientific accomplishments. More than one million visitors a year are drawn to this leading city attraction. Among the special features offered are more than 1,600 rare and exotic animals and 42 acres of picturesque Victorian gardens. Highlights are the Peco Primate Reserve, an interactive exhibit featuring 10 species of primates; the Rare Animal Conservation Center giving close up views of some of the world's most endangered animals; the Reptile and Amphibian House, which has an interactive adventure path showcasing 87 species including the King Cobra; an African animal section; the chance to ascend in a helium balloon; children's petting zoo and daily live animal shows.

The city of Doylestown, about 25 miles (40km) north of Philadelphia in the centre of Bucks County (of which it is the county capital), is renowned for its Historic District which contains more than 1,000 structures dating from between 1851 and 1910. This treasure-trove of architectural heritage, bounded by Union, Cottage and East Ashland Streets, Hillside Avenue and South and North-West Streets, draws hundreds of visitors to the city, which has been named one of a 'Dozen Distinctive Destinations' by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The city also offers inviting antique and handcraft shops, numerous excellent restaurants and in the surrounding Bucks County countryside there are vast recreational possibilities, from fishing and boating on the scenic Delaware River to hiking through nature trails and discovering surprises like the 300-year-old Fallsington village. Nearby too is the site where George Washington crossed the Delaware River and changed the course of the American Revolution.

Rated as one of the most popular summer drives in America, a tour of Pennsylvania's Dutch Country is a relaxing and rewarding experience, enjoyed by an estimated five million visitors every year. Central to the area is Pennsylvania's scenic Lancaster County, just one and a half hour's drive west of Philadelphia. The main drawcard is the fascinating lifestyle of the local Amish (plain Quaker) farming communities, who live according to age-old traditions and values without making use of any modern conveniences, even eschewing electricity and telephones. The area abounds with interesting historic and rural attractions, including 28 picturesque covered bridges on quiet country roads, the oldest Mennonite meeting house in America and the home of a former US president. Many visitors opt to tour the area in a horse and buggy or by bicycle. Another big attraction in the area is the food, which, because of the local agriculture is 'fresh-from-the-farm' home style cooking, all offered at local restaurants and markets. Be sure to try the area's famous Shoo-Fly Pie, an open pie made with molasses and sweet crumbs. To wash down the farm fare there are wineries and breweries open for tours and tastings. Shopping for local crafts and antiques is another popular pastime.

The small town of Gettysburg in Adam's County, south-central Pennsylvania was the site of the largest Civil War battle ever waged in the Western Hemisphere. It was here, too, that Abraham Lincoln delivered his immortal address. The bloody Battle of Gettysburg started on July 1, 1863 and lasted two days, resulting in a Union victory. The Gettysburg National Military Park now stands testimony to the battle, incorporating about 6,000 acres of land, 26 miles of park roads and more than 1,400 monuments, markers and memorials.

No Charlie should miss out on the treat of visiting Hershey's Chocolate World in the town where chocolate making has become an art. Hershey, billed as 'the sweetest place on earth', is about 90 miles (145km) from Philadelphia via Lancaster. A free-of-charge simulated factory tour ride is offered at the official visitor's centre of the Hershey Foods Corporation, and a new Chocolate Tour begins in a tropical rain forest where the chocolate beans grow, and follows the journey as they make their way to Hershey's. Visitors can attend a 20-minute presentation on how Hershey's Chocolate is made, run every half hour in the 3-D Theater Lobby. There are also gift and souvenir shops, a food court, and the Hershey's 3-D show.

About 35 miles (63km) west of Philadelphia on US 1 (accessible by bus and train) is the scenic cultural and historical Mecca of the Brandywine Valley, sprinkled with magical natural settings, country inns, fascinating museums and beautiful gardens in the heart of Chester County. Visitors can enjoy Longwood Gardens, the Brandywine River Museum (with its unique art collection in a grist mill), the Chaddsford Winery, the Simon Pearce glassblowing studio and shopping in historic Kennett Square to name just a few of the attractions in this naturally beautiful part of Pennsylvania.

In 1895 Pittsburgh industrialist Andrew Carnegie established an Institute, which he intended to improve and educate local people. Today his ideal has been realised in the form of a collection of four museums funded by the Carnegie Institute: a Museum of Art, Natural History, a Science Center and The Andy Warhol Museum. The Carnegie Museum of Art on Forbes Avenue has a notable collection of contemporary art that includes film and video works. The adjacent Natural History Museum takes visitors time-tripping through the wonders of planet earth. The Carnegie Science Centre at Allegheny Avenue offers planetarium and laser shows and a variety of hands-on activities and exhibits for old and young. The final museum in the Carnegie bouquet is the Andy Warhol in Sandusky Street, featuring extensive permanent collections of art and archives relating to one of the most influential American artists of the 20th century.

Situated in historic West Park on Pittsburgh's North Side, a few minutes from downtown, is the National Aviary, America's only independent indoor non-profit bird zoo. The Aviary is home to more than 600 birds of more than 200 species, many of which are threatened or endangered. From hummingbirds to Andean Condors there are birds from just about every corner of the world, with particular emphasis being placed on rainforest and wetland habitats. The birds are all kept in natural planted exhibits, which allows for close up views of our feathered friends.

Pittsburgh's Point State Park, formerly a slum land, has been turned into a recreational delight and declared a National Historic Landmark for the strategic role played here during the French and Indian War in the mid 1700s. The site features paved promenades along the Ohio riverfront, overlooking dramatic views of the city with its busy waterways, scenic hillsides and many bridges. The park has been naturally landscaped and a 150ft (46m) tall fountain enhances the aspect. There is a biking trail, outdoor amphitheatre and in-line skating route. The Fort Pitt Museum is housed in one of the five original bastions of the ruined historic fort, devoted to displaying local history. The Fort Pitt Blockhouse, the oldest authentic building in Western Pennsylvania, is also open to the public.

The Please Touch Museum, located in Memorial Hall in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, is a shining example of what must be one of the rarest cultural attractions anywhere in the world: a museum where children are actually encouraged to lay on their hands on the exhibits. Mainly aimed at kids seven years and younger, the museum seeks to educate and entrance its visitors in equal measure, by offering them a hands-on experience of an assortment of life-size, interactive 'exhibition zones'. Although the exhibits change frequently (the curators wouldn't want their lilliputian clientèle to get bored, now, would they?), highlights have included an Alice in Wonderland area, complete with rabbit-holes and garden mazes, a miniature supermarket, and a scaled-down SEPTA bus display. Parents and grandparents are undivided in their approval of the museum, and its child-friendliness - describing it as an ideal way to spend a day out with the kids. A useful tip: the museum offers an irresistible selection of wholesome food and drinks, so take some antibacterial hand soap along, to use before snack time.

Since its opening in 2001, PNC Park has awed all those who've entered it, and has led many disgruntled Pittsburgh Pirates fans to complain that if only their team's performances could start to match up to the grandeur of their stadium, they'd have a shot at winning the league some time! Consistently voted in the top three of all baseball stadia in America, PNC Park is a breathtaking example of how sports stadium architecture can be concomitantly artful and spectator-friendly. A relatively small stadium (with a capacity of just under 40,000), even the cheap seats command perfect views of the playing diamond; while beyond the bleachers, views of the river, the Roberto Clemente Bridge, Pittsburgh's skyline and towering Mount Washington catch the eye. While daytime tours of the stadium are thoroughly rewarding, visitors to Pittsburgh should do their best to attend a Pirates game, where - as evening descends, and the city lights start to sparkle in the distance - a magical atmosphere is created inside PNC Park.

Just 60 miles (about 95km) south-east of Pittsburgh on Interstate 76, Fallingwater is an absolute must-see attraction. The house, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 for retail giant Edgar J. Kaufman, is situated among the waterfalls and woods of the beautiful Bear Run Nature Reserve, and remains the world's best example of what has come to be known as 'organic architecture'. A stupefying achievement, Wright managed to design a fully-functioning personal residence that blends fluidly and harmoniously with its natural setting: the sound of rushing water is a constant, susurrus presence in the house; a boulder juts out into the living room and doubles as a hearth; the windows open outward from the corners of the walls, leaving no panes to obstruct the natural view. Ayn Rand was so inspired by this triumphant feat of individualistic artistic expression, that she largely based her novel The Fountainheadon Wright's ingenuous creation. Fallingwater has been included in Smithsonianmagazine's list of '28 places to see before you die' - and visitors to Pennsylvania would be sorely remiss to pass up such an opportunity! Make sure to book well in advance.